Abelmoschus esculentus also known as okra is an erect, branched, and annual plant that is known to be native to the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere. It grows up to 0.6-1.5 meters high. Okra’s leaves are long-petioled, orbicular, and can elongate up to 25 centimeters long or less with a base of heart-shaped. The fruit of the okra is edible and used in a variety of foods as an ingredient with a good source of nutrients. It also has a lot of medical benefits like the aphrodisiac effect. Studies have suggested antiulcer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, CNS depressant, diuretic, anti-Helicobacter, antitumor, antimicrobial, nootropic, and anti- inflammatory properties.

 According to a study done by Monte L.G. et al., (2014), Lectin from okra helped reduce cancer cell growth by 63% and killed 72% of human cancer cells. However, more studies are suggested to be done to see if  it has an effect on cancer in humans. 

The Aglaonema commutatum, also known as the Philippine Evergreen, is a visually stunning plant native to the Philippines and found in the lush rainforests of Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Araceae, this evergreen species thrives under the dappled sunlight of the rainforest floor. Its lance-shaped leaves come in various sizes and exhibit a striking combination of dark green shades with silver or cream-colored veins. With a compact growth habit, it is a popular choice for ornamental purposes, symbolizing luck and prosperity in Filipino culture. Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the Philippine Evergreen has been studied for its potential therapeutic properties, including inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells. Additionally, it is known for its air-purifying abilities, contributing to healthier indoor environments. Due to its resilience, the Philippine Evergreen has also been identified as a candidate for reforestation initiatives, aiding in the restoration of degraded ecosystems.

Scallion, also known as Welsh onion, is a perennial herb in the Allium genus. It is widely cultivated for its culinary uses and is native to the Philippines. Scallions have significant cultural importance as a versatile ingredient in various cuisines, adding a mild onion flavor to dishes. They have potential health benefits, including antioxidants, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, and anti-cancer properties. Scallions have also been used as a reference and ingredient in popular media, with recent research investigating their biological activities, such as soil health, microbial activity, and erosion reduction.

Alocasia micholitziana, commonly known as elephant ears plant, is a genus of tropical plants distinguished by distinctive leaves and enormous size. As decorative indoor houseplants or garden plants in tropical and subtropical areas, these Southeast Asian natives are widely used, with their stem that grows up to 50 cm long. Alocasia micholitziana was first encountered in Benguet in the island of Luzon and it was nearly allied with the Alocasia sandriana the 2 different species can be distinguished by the size of their leaves and how the shade of green is in their leaves. Elephant ear can easily grow in a shady location with hot moist soil, commonly in damp, shaded lowland forest. Today, because it had been over collected for ornamental purposes, Alocasia micholitziana just sparse now in the Philippines. 

Annona squamosa L., or more locally known as Atis Fruits or Custard Apples, are native to Central America, the Caribbean, and Northern South America. Similar to the Guava fruits, the Philippines is considered to be one of the largest producers of Atis fruits in the world. The leaves of Annona squamosa are 5-15 cm long and 2-5 cm wide. The shape of the leaves are lanceolate/oblong and are blunt-tipped; the color of the leaves differ from the top having a dull green, whilst having a pale bloom below. They are slightly hairy as they are young, and are aromatic when crushed. The arrangement of the leaves are deciduous, are alternately arranged on short, hairy petioles. The Atis leaves are studied for the benefits they provide in medicine, which are attributed to the variety of phytochemicals within them. There are 18 different phenolic compounds, mainly alkaloid and flavonoid in the Annona squamosa leaves. Other than containing phenolic compounds, the biological activities inside the leaves include anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiobesity, lipid-lowering properties, and hepatoprotective functions.

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a member of the mulberry family (Moraceae). It is a giant and unique tropical composite fruit, is grown extensively in equatorial countries in the Indian sub-continent and South-East Asia, such as Myanmar, and also in South American countries such as Brazil. The various parts such as bark, wood, leaves, latex, roots, fruits, and seeds of the jackfruit tree exhibit immense therapeutic applications. Jackfruit/seeds are an excellent source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and secondary metabolites. The phytoconstituents are responsible for the large array of therapeutic properties such as anticancer, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties.

Basella alba, commonly known as Malabar stinent or vine spinach, is native to the Indian subcontinent  and Southeast Asia.  Basella alba is primarily cultivated for its edible leaves, which are rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins A and C, iron, calcium, and fiber. The leaves have a mild and slightly mucilaginous (slimy) taste. It is a vigorous climbing vine that can reach heights of up to 10 meters (30 feet). It has long, succulent stems that  twine around supports, allowing it to climb and spread easily. The leaves of Basella alba are used in various culinary preparations, including stir-fries, soups, stews, salads, and curries. The leaves can be cooked or eaten raw, and they have a slightly slippery texture when cooked due to their mucilaginous nature.  In addition, Basella alba is known for its nutritional benefits. The leaves are low in calories and high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also a good source of dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and promotes overall gut health. While it is primarily consumed as a nutritious vegetable, it is also valued  in traditional medicine for its medicinal properties, some examples include, various antioxidants, such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which help protect the body against oxidative stress and inflammation. 

Caladium bicolor is an erect, glabrous acaulescent plant with a fleshy corm at the base. Leaves 1-2; blades pointing downward, 30-20 cm, chartaceous, usually with small, irregular whitish or pinkish spots or variegated along secondary veins, less often completely green, glaucous beneath, apex acute or shortly acuminate, white at the very base, usually with purple stripes. Caladium bicolor is indigenous to Central and South America. It is commonly farmed and naturalized throughout the world's tropical and subtropical regions. Extracts derived from the leaves and stems of C. bicolor extracts have modest antibacterial and antifungal activity, and a recent study shown that they may be utilized as raw material for pharmaceutical preparations to treat infections. It is popular in South America and used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. The powdered tuber is used to cure pimples on the face. And to treat a variety of skin ailments, all sections of the leaf are macerated in fresh water for an exterior bath. 

Canna is a genus of around ten species of rhizomatous, tropical, and subtropical, herbaceous perennials that produce flower spikes in summer atop erect stems sheathed in large paddle-shaped leaves. Cultivars have colorful foliage and flowers in various warm colors, including red, orange, yellow, pink, and creamy white. Imported from India in 1963 by the Glasshouse Works guys, Canna 'Bengal Tiger' is a sport of Canna 'Wyoming' that originated from radiation experiments in the 1950s at India's Agri Horticultural Society.

Caryota mitis, commonly known as the Fishtail Palm or Clustered Fishtail Palm, is a type of tropical palm that originated in Southeast Asia. It is a small to medium-sized palm, growing to a height of roughly 6 to 12 meters (20 to 40 feet) and a spread of 3 to 4 meters (10 to 13 feet). The Fishtail Palm is so named because of the way that its unusually shaped leaves mimic a fish's tail. The leaves are broad and pinnately compound, which means that they are separated into multiple slender leaflets that have the appearance of a fishtail. The palm looks rich and lovely because of the leaflets' clustered, dense arrangement. This particular type of palm is renowned for its capacity to generate several stems, resulting in clumps or clusters of slender trunks. The trunks are smooth, grayish-brown in hue, and have noticeable leaf scars running the length of them. As the palm ages, the older stems may wither away, but new ones keep growing, giving it a dense, bushy appearance. Caryota mitis is an adaptable and durable palm that can grow well in a variety of soil conditions as long as they are well-drained. It thrives in tropical or subtropical climes and is frequently grown for decorative purposes in gardens, parks, and urban settings. If given enough light and moisture, it can also grow successfully in containers indoors or on balconies.

The Costaceae family includes four genera and 200 species, with Costs being the largest. Oblong leaves are 4-8 inches long, 1.5 inches in diameter, on cone-like heads at the tips of branches, and used as a dietary supplement for diabetes treatment. Insulin plant is a recent herbal diabetes cure introduced to India from America. It is widely grown in South India and used to control diabetes. Diabetics consume one leaf daily, and the aerial part of C. cuspidatus is effective in treating diabetes. Costus pictus D. Don is given as an infusion to treat renal disorders. Protein, iron, and antioxidant components such as ascorbic acid, -tocopherol, ß-carotene, terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids are abundant in the leaves. Tannins, phlobatannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were extracted from the leaves using ethanol.

Chlorophytum comosum, or spider plant, is one of the most common and well-known houseplants. It is very popular among novices because it is simple to grow and propagate, tolerant of neglect, and can survive in practically any type of environment. The little plantlets grown on long trailing stems that resemble spiders give rise to the common name. This clump-forming, perennial herbaceous plant native to South African coastal areas has slender, strap-shaped leaves that emerge from a central point. The leaves might be pure green or variegated with white or yellow streaks running lengthwise. The leaves do not appear flat, but rather channeled or folded down the center. The spider plant is one of the simplest air-purifying plants to grow. It is effective at removing hazardous substances like carbon monoxide, xylene, formaldehyde, and toluene from the air. Spider plant leaves aid in the establishment of intestinal microbes, making them a suitable prebiotic ingredient for a healthy bowel movement and stomach.

Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lév., commonly known as Parasitic maiden fern is a type of fern from the Thelypteridaceae  family, Rhizome short-creeping or long-creeping, slender. A dull to bright lime-green plant with fronds up to 80 cm long. Widespread in Malesia and Pacific Islands. Native in the Philippines, these plants thrive in lowland swamp and disturbed sites in montane rainforest. So-called because it is considered to be an invasive species and a pest. Rhizome scales narrowly ovate, setiferous. Fronds monomorphic. Stipes hairy. Laminae 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, herbaceous, usually with 1–5 pairs of proximal pinnae gradually reduced in size to c. 20 mm long; basal pinnae auricled macroscopically; aerophores at base of pinnae not swollen; abaxial surface of laminae lacking scales. Based on a 2011 study, some ferns, particularly Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lév epidermal glands have Phytochemical and antibacterial activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and HPLC studies on the acetone extract of the glands showed the presence of a variety of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and sugars. The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activity against various bacteria like Staphylococcus albus (S. albus), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The result of the study confirms that the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica (L.) Lév have several bioactive compounds and such variants should be conserved in nature.

About 3000 years ago watermelons were introduced in Asia from Africa where it is native. From the family of cucurbitaceae “gourd” cultivated in lowland areas such as Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Tarlac. This vining plant is grown for its fleshy red and green fruit. Has thin vines, grooved and covered with tiny hairs known as trichomes. Citrullus lanatus produces solitary yellow flowers and a large spherical to oblong fruit that varies in colors inside and out. It possesses deep lobe pinnate leaves that are branched.

Watermelons are used as an offering in Mexico in the commemoration of their dead loved ones during Day of the Dead. Because of the high amount of antioxidants and lycopene, watermelon promotes good health and may aid in reducing risk of chronic disease such as obesity, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

Coleus scutellarioides, also known as Common Coleus or Painted Nettle, is a Southeast Asian tropical perennial plant. Because of its vibrant and colorful foliage, it is primarily grown as an ornamental plant. Coleus scutellarioides plants range in size from dwarf (6" tall) to large mounded (36" tall). Semi-succulent stems have four sides. The venation of Coleus scutellarioides leaves is typically reticulate or net-like, which means it forms a network of veins throughout the leaf surface. The showy multi-colored leaves are ovate to oblong in shape and toothed. Color combinations in irregular patterns are common in leaves. Coleus scutellarioides (Mayana) is a traditional folkloric medicine that is used to treat pain, sores, swelling, and cuts, as well as as an adjunct medication for delayed menstruation and diarrhea. These traditional uses of mayana are now scientifically supported. (from folklore medicine to modern medicine). However, it is important to note that Coleus scutellarioides specifically has not been extensively studied or recognized for its medicinal uses in mainstream medicine.

Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) is a perennial grass known for its fragrant leaves and stalks used as a flavoring. It forms dense clumps, reaching up to 6 ft (1.8 m) in height and 4 ft (1.2 m) in width. Cymbopogon is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Lemongrass thrives in warm and humid climates, It can also grow in semi-arid regions with low to moderate rainfall. Lemongrass is commonly used as a natural remedy for digestive and neurological issues, as well as high blood pressure. It is effective in treating fever, cough, asthma, flatulence, bladder problems, and febrile ailments. Topically, it is used for sprains, lumbago, and chronic rheumatic conditions due to its rubefacient properties, which improve blood circulation by enlarging capillaries. It possesses a strong lemon-like scent due to its high citral content. This distinctive aroma makes it suitable for scenting soaps, detergents, and insect repellents.

Dieffenbancia seguine also known as Dumb Cane is a houseplant commonly associated to “murder” and some killings. Well, the truth is that Dumb Cane are poisonous, however the effect rarely harms humans and animals. Every component of the plant contains countless microscopic calcium oxalate crystals in the shape of needles, and when some unfortunate animal (or person) eats it, they suffer from a painful and swollen mouth. Tropical America and the West Indies are home to the dumb cane. Large, straightforward leaves that are frequently variegated with various greens characterize cultivars. Dieffenbachia amoena is one variant that may grow up to 180 cm (6 feet) or more and has 50 cm (20 inch) long leaves with creamy lines along the bigger veins. It is sometimes considered to be a separate species. Stem cuttings are a simple method of propagating dumb cane. Dieffenbancia seguine is a well-liked decorative plant, particularly the varieties with colored leaves. In tropical America, the sap is applied topically to cure gout and rheumatism as well as a counterirritant for snakebites. Additionally, warts and tumors are treated with it. On wounds, burns, and inflammations, seed oil is used. A leaf decoction is gargled to treat angina in Brazil. The plant's toxicity is what is well known about it, though. It is used to make arrow poison as well as to poison rats and insects. A research was conducted the DOST which mentions that Dumb Cane shows a potential of treating cancer because of its active ingredient, antiangiogenesis. 

Dimocarpus longan, commonly known as longan, is an evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. It may grow up to 40 meters tall and its trunk 1 meter wide. The tree's crown is round and the leaves are densely grouped. Its leaves are compound (separated into two leaflets), elliptical in shape and may grow up to 20cm long. Its flowers grow in groups, usually 8-40cm long, and are yellow in color. It is then followed by an edible, fleshy, yellow-brown fruit containing a dark brown seed enclosed in a hard layer around 1-3cm in diameter. Studies found that it may have various medicinal properties including anticancer but further research is needed.

Deep in the Philippine rainforests thrives Dracaena braunii, commonly known as Lucky bamboo. Native to West Africa but introduced to the Philippines, this elegant plant is cherished for its association with luck and prosperity. Belonging to the Dracaena genus, it displays slender stalks and long, lance-shaped leaves. Standing up to a meter tall, it makes a visually striking addition to any setting. Beyond its cultural significance, Lucky bamboo is used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties and has shown potential as an anti-cancer agent. While not currently endangered, protecting its habitat is vital. Collaborative efforts can ensure the preservation of this remarkable species.

My first herbarium sheet is the Corn plant or Dracaena fragrans. Its family is Asparagaceae, and its genus is Dracaena. It is native to Tropical Africa. When it comes to size, the average height of the corn plant ranges from 91.44 cm to 441.96 cm, and width from 30.48 to 91.44 cm. The leaf has a glossy feel with yellow and green colors and a linear shape. Dracaena fragrans are commercialized as an ornamental house plant. In Africa, it is used in traditional medicine and for fiber production. In Tanzania, this species is regarded as a holy plant. Additionally, this species is included in the Global Compendium of Weeds, and is regarded as invasive in Singapore, Fiji, Cuba, and Brazil.

Snake plant is characterized as a deep green with light gray-green stripes, the leaves are upright, meaty, and fashioned like swords. A thick rhizome gives rise to a rosette of stiffly rising leaves. On mature plants, tiny, fragrant, greenish-white flowers appear in the spring, followed by orange berries. It is commonly known to be an indoor plant and were originated from West and West Central Africa. This plant symbolizes cleanliness and tenacity. According to NASA, snake plant was able to draw pollutants like benzene and formaldehyde from its surroundings. Hence, it helps to filter indoor air. 

Clinton's Wood Fern (perennial herb) is a hybrid between crested wood fern (Dryopteris cristata) and Goldie's fern (D. goldiana). Its pinnae (leaflets) are twisted, so the leaf does not appear flat and its leafblades extends upto 30-60cm long.  Their have G5 as a conservation status which means they are secured; having low possibility of extinction.

They are native to North America. Simple to grow in part to full shade with medium to damp soils, favored by wet, organic-rich soils. It is deciduous, upright, and has reproductive spores on the underside. The fronds of sterile plants are usually prostrate on the ground, smaller, and evergreen. The pinnae, or leaflets, that make up the leaves are themselves lobed or serrated. No further researches has been done on this organism. 

Acera Palm was originated in Madagascar but it is widely grown as outdoor plants in tropical countries. It is characterized to have long, feathery leaves, which have several stems resembling reeds, arch upward. Although the areca palm can reach heights of up to 30 feet outdoors, it usually only reaches 6 to 7 feet indoors. It is commonly known to be used as an interior landscaping species but according to recent studies, it has variety of antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycemic compounds. 

Eleusine indica is a widespread plant species that is locally known as Paragis in the Philippines. This plant is native to Africa and temperate and tropical Asia. It is an annual, erect, tufted, adventitious, glabrous grass that is 10 centimeters to 1 meter in height. Eleusine indica leaves are 10 to 30 centimeters long, spikes range from 2.5 to 10 centimeters and spikelets are ranging from 3 to 4 millimeters in length. It is abundant in places such as river banks and roads. The plant is used for culinary, weaving, and paper-making. Eleusine indica has also cultural significance for the Malays; the people of Bontoc hold grain in their hand in spirit-calling during mangmang rituals. Moreover, this plant is revealed as a diuretic, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, and febrifuge. E. indica also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

Epipremnum is a member of the Arum family, sometimes known as the Araceae. This family is distinguished by a pointed bloom known as a spadix that is encircled by a colorful modified leaf. While this flower is unlikely to be seen inside because Pothos rarely flowers even in the wild, it is common in other members of this family, such as Anthuriums. The ability of Epipremnum aureum to filter the air is exceptional. Toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, xylene, and benzene are among the harmful compounds that it can absorb or filter out of the air. However, because of its capacity to grow swiftly and choke adjacent plants, it has been labeled as invasive in several locations. They should not be planted outside and should therefore be kept indoors and within their containers to avoid spreading.

Episcia cupreata, commonly known as flame violet, is a herbaceous perennial plant which is widely distributed throughout tropical parts of Central and South America, specifically in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The beautiful leaves are fleshy, ovate, ranging from 4-12 cm long, with a robust petiole. The foliage's opulence is attributable to a distinct pattern of patterned markings that paint the leaf in silver, gray, and copper tones. Episcia cupreata has no medicinal or health benefits; strictly for ornamental purposes. Also, As listed by American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Flame Violet (Episcia cupreata) is non-toxic to both humans and pets. It is safe to grow in the home.

Originated in Tropical and Subtropical America, this species grows anywhere warm enough for the seed to germinate. The plant has green leaves with as shade of red or burgundy with a simple leaf type with uneven stems. Leaves are opposite with small teeth. Stems are semi-erect with several stems originating from a central tap root and a hairy surface filled with a milky white latex/sap. This herb shows antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, galactogenic, anti-asthmatic, antidiarrheal, anticancer, antioxidant, antifertility, anti-amoebic, and anti-fungal properties. It also treats worm infestations in children, dysentery, jaundice, pimple, gonorrhea, digestive problems, and tumors.  In the Philippines, Euphorbia hirta is locally known as Tawa-tawa. It was used to treat dengue because it is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavonoids which may be responsible for its anti-dengue properties. 

Euphorbia lophogona is a plant species in the Euphorbiaceae family, endemic in Madagascar. It lives in subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is endangered due to habitat loss and because of its resilience, it is popular as a houseplant. Euphorbia lophogona is a medium-sized succulent shrub that is either green or semi-deciduous. It has elliptic leaves that are glossy and bright green. Its leaves can grow up to 2.5 cm long and are leathery in appearance. Latex is a thick white milky sap produced by this plant. This latex is poisonous which can cause blindness, severe skin irritation, and mucous membrane damage.

Geogenanthus poeppigii, commonly known as the Amazon zebra plant or zebra plant, is a tropical  flowering plant native to the Amazon rainforest. It is primarily found in countries within the Amazon Basin,  including Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. One of the most distinctive characteristics of Geogenanthus poeppigii is its striking leaf pattern. The leaves  are dark green with bold white or silver stripes that resemble zebra stripes, hence the common name  "zebra plant." It has a high  tolerance for shade and can thrive in low-light conditions, making it an excellent choice for indoor cultivation. It is primarily valued  for its ornamental and decorative qualities rather than its medicinal properties. There is limited scientific research available on the specific medical importance of Geogenanthus poeppigii. However, while the  zebra plant is not typically used in traditional or herbal medicine, it is worth mentioning that indoor plants, in general, can provide various health benefits, some of it includes, the potential to improve indoor air quality by filtering and removing certain pollutants. 

Hoya cumingiana is an endemic hemiepiphytic subshrub that grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. This plant is native to Benguet, Bontoc, Sagada, Mt. Province Bataan, Rizal, Albay, Mindoro, Palawan. Hoya cumingiana has small and succulent leaves that grow closely due to its short internodes. The yellow flowers of this plant add a delicate contrast with its waxy green leaves. Hoya cumingiana is an excellent indoor plant because of its shrub-like foliage. This plant is also known for its purifying effects, anxiolytic and regenerative properties. However, it can also cause unfavorable impacts to people, such as allergies, skin irritation, and stomachache. Moreover, a recent study has revealed that dichloromethane extracts of Hoya cumingiana have α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and other chemical compounds which exhibit different biological properties.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, commonly known as Dollarweed or Marsh Pennywort, is an aquatic herb belonging to the family Araliaceae. This aquatic perennial weed resembles a lilypad in appearance with a dense mats of round, shiny, emerald-green leaves up to 2 inches across, notched or scalloped at the margins. This plant prefers wet and moist soils and often thrive in wetland margins like shores of rivers or lakes. Native to North America and parts of South America. It was recently introduced to the Philippines, propagated by seeds. Leaf stalk attached to the under-surface of the leaf blade’s center, long and slender petioles (2-8 in. long), glossy emerald-green leaf, crenate, peltate to orbicular, 6-9 veined. Flowers are white, sometimes 1 to 3 whorls of flowers below.  This plant has become popular in aquariums. Several species under genus Hydrocotyle, particularly H. vulgaris has been known to have medicinal attributes like mild diuretic, anti-rheumatic, peripheral vasodilator and vulnerable properties. Based on a 2014 study, Subanens of Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines, boil this plant and use decoction for cough and kidney stones. The study suggests further examination on the plant species that were used to cure certain illnesses. Moreover, based on the study of Abangan, 2012, Phytochemical screening revealed that there are presence of secondary metabolites in H. vulgaris such as flavonoids, reducing sugar, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The detection of these active metabolites may confirm the various therapeutic claims that H. vulgaris can treat ailments of the heart and gastrointestinal problems caused by endoparasites. 

The water spinach, scientifically referred to as Ipomoea aquatica, is an enchanting aquatic plant that originates from Southeast Asia, including the Philippines. Its lush green leaves and remarkable ability to thrive in diverse aquatic environments make it a captivating botanical specimen. Water spinach bears cultural significance as it is extensively incorporated into traditional cuisine, symbolizing abundance and prosperity. Recent scientific investigations shed light on its antioxidant attributes and its potential to aid in the restoration of deteriorated environments.

Ipomoea batatas, commonly known as sweet potato or camote tops, is a captivating species belonging to the Convolvulaceae family. Originally from the Americas, it has found a home in the Philippines as an introduced crop. With its slender stems and heart-shaped, serrated leaves, sweet potato leaves reach an average height of 2 to 3 meters. They hold immense cultural importance, adorning traditional Filipino dishes with their nutritional value and vibrant flavor. Recent research has unveiled their medicinal potential, including anti-cancer properties and their use in treating diabetes and inflammation. Additionally, sweet potato leaves have economic significance, with potential uses in functional food products and their ability to restore degraded environments through phytoremediation projects.

The tuba plant is a perennial monoescious shrub or small tree that can grow up to 6m high. The plant contains alot of uses  with every of its parts like the nut of this plant is toxic for people but the seeds inside of it can be use as a fuel. In the leaves and the stem contains a medicinal properties such as anti bacterial and muscle pains. The cultural importance of this plant is that they have been used as a traditional medicine even way back then. 

Lagerstroemia speciosa, commonly known as Queen's crape-myrtle or Banaba in the Philippines, is a flowering deciduous tree characterized by its large, bright pink to light purple flowers. This tree has a tall, upright rounded form and sheds its 4 to 14-inch-long dark green, oblong, leathery leaves, which turn a captivating shade of red before falling during the winter season. 

In Asian countries, the decoction of Banaba leaves is traditionally used for various purposes, such as diabetes management, fever reduction, and kidney issues. Banaba leaves possess a range of beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-hyperuricemia, anti-fibrotic, antinociceptive, anti-obesity, and antioxidant activities.

The Mangifera indica tree is identified as a large evergreen tree under the Anacardiaceae family. It typically grows to a height of about ten (10) to forty-five (45) meters tall, with a dome shaped dense foliage, along with this, it typically has heavy branches from a stout trunk. It is native tropical Asia and has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for over 4000 years and is now found naturalized in most tropical countries.The arrangement of the leaves on the branches are spiral, linear-oblong, elliptical, and is pointed at both ends. The leaf blades are usually about twenty-five (25) cm long and eight (8) cm wide. Mangifera indica has been used and considered as an important herb in the indigenous medical systems for about four thousand (4000) years. It is considered as the third most important fruit crop based on the export volume of the Philippines. Mango leaves contain a lot of beneficial chemical compounds to remedy various diseases, most importantly as diabetes medication, blood tonic, hepatitis and wound healing.

Momordica charantia is a tropical and subtropical species that is widely grown for its edible fruit, which is among the most bitter of all fruits. Bitter gourd is native to India and China, and now a staple vegetable in many Asian countries like the Philippines in which it is commonly called ‘ampalaya’. M. charantia is a climbing or sprawling herb that can grow up to 5 m tall and can be either hairless or slightly hairy. The deeply lobed leaves are carried along the slender, green stems, and it bears separate yellow, 5-petal male and female flowers. The pendulous cylindrical fruits are egg-shaped, covered with vertical ridges and warts, and come in different sizes, depending on the variety. M. charantia has many medicinal uses, such as an anthelmintic, purgative, pain reliever, and treatment of hemorrhoids and rashes. Moreover, its seed extract has anticancer and antidiabetic activities. 

Monoon longifolium is native to India and Sri Lanka, the Indian mast tree is a sub-tropical tree that thrives under a full sun exposure and is drought tolerant. The tree grows between 30 to 60 feet tall. The leaves of M. longifolium are glossy lance-shaped with wavy or curved margins. The color of the leaves ranges from bronze and different shades of green depending on age. It bears small round to oval fruits arranged in a star shape cluster with colors green to dark purple when ripe. Indian mast trees are usually planted by Hindus near their temples and consider these trees sacred. Because this plant has been used as a treatment traditionally for skin diseases, fever, diabetes, and many more, it can be considered as an ancient remedy. It has been shown in pharmacological studies that M. longifolium possesses antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antioxidants and anti-ulcer properties. 

Indian Mulberry or Morinda citrifolia's family is Rubiaceae, and its genus is Morinda. It is native to tropical and subtropical Asia and Australia. When it comes to size, it is approximately 3–10 m in height at maturity and 15 cm or more in stem diameter. Morinda citrifolia is one of the most important species for botanical and food supplements in the international market. All parts of the plant have traditional uses, like the roots and bark for dyes and medicines, the trunks for firewood and tools, etc. Finally, A 2016 study reviewed the therapeutic effect of Morinda, such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. 

Moringa oleifera is native to northwestern India, and widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. The Moringa tree grows mainly in semi-arid tropical and subtropical areas. While it grows best in dry sandy soil, it tolerates poor soil, including coastal areas. It is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree that apparently is native only to the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Today it is widely cultivated in Africa, Central and South America, Sri Lanka, India, Mexico, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Considered one of the world’s most useful trees, almost every part of the Moringa tree can be used for food or has some other beneficial property. According to the study of Kuete (2017) in Africa, it is widely consumed for self-medication by patients affected by diabetes, hypertension, or HIV/AIDS. 

Morus alba, commonly known as Mulberry, is a deciduous shrub, although it can evolve into a small tree that belongs to the Moraceae Family, native in China and widely cultivated across Asia, Europe, and North America. This shrub-tree with milky sap at its base can reach a height of 25 to 45 meters, which is characterized with a spreading canopy. M. alba's leaf has an alternate orientation, lobed, resembling a heart, semi-hairy trait and glossy-green colored. Mulberry is a fruit-bearing plant, they exhibit palmate venation in their leaves with about 3 main veins. M. alba. produces sweet and succulent elongated raspberry-like small, multiple fruits, hence its namesake "mulberry" fruit, which can bear the colors white, red, black or others depending on the variant. Mulberries have both male (pollen) and female (fruits) parts within the plant, which means they are dioecious. Their reproduction is aided by pollinator factors such as insects and wind that spread pollen everywhere. With sweet and succulent fruits, this berry (despite not being a true berry) is used for jams, jellies, and desserts, which pack a zing. Mulberries can also be eaten raw, just wash them thoroughly before consumption. One of its common names is the silkworm (Bombyx mori mulberry, because they are the primary food source of silkworms that are used for silk, textile production. This botanical has long been used in traditional medicine, believed to treat ailments such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and inflammation due to their bioactive properties (Li et al, 2018). M. alba. has a high adaptability trait to different soil types and climates, although it is the well-drained soil and adequate sun exposure that this plant prefers for them to grow optimally. They are introduced in the Philippines primarily for commercial use. The Morus spp. has a least concern status. The Paper Mulberry variant (Broussonetia papyrifera) are utilized by the DOST-Philippines for fiber production and reforestation purposes, but the variety white mulberry (Morus alba) are not suitable for the latter as they can be highly invasive. 

Muntingia calabura, commonly known as Aratilis or Jamaica cherry tree, is an introduced species in the Philippines. It is endemic to tropical America, from Mexico to northern Argentina, but despite not being commercially farmed, it is now found or disseminated throughout the world's tropical regions. It is a wild berry found in the Philippines' villages, gardens, and along roadsides. Its crimson, delicious, and plump fruits attract birds, bats, and nocturnal creatures, allowing it to spread easily. The conservation status of aratilis is not yet evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Aratiles is a fast-growing tree with spreading horizontally layered branches that grows 5 to 10 meters tall. Hairy, sticky, alternating, distichous, oblong-ovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 8 to 13 centimeters long, with toothed margins, pointed apex, and inequilateral base, one side rounded, the other acute. Flowers are white, extra-axillary, solitary or in pairs, and about 2 cm in diameter. The sepals are 5 in number, green, reflexed, lanceolate, and roughly 1 centimeter long. Petals are white, obovate, and 1 centimeter long. They are deciduous and spread. The fruit is a berry that is spherical, about 1.5 centimeters in diameter, red when ripe, smooth, fleshy, tasty, and has plenty of tiny seeds. This tropical to near-tropical tree may reach elevations of 4000 feet (1200 meters) and can endure occasional cold night temperatures, however it thrives in a warm, humid climate. The tree prefers adequate drainage and grows on cliffs and river banks. It does not tolerate salt or soggy environments. The tree has no specific soil requirements; nevertheless it thrives on regular fertilization, as well as abundant mulching and watering. It will grow pretty well in the sun all day. Hence, during the warm and dry season is often when the aratiles tree blooms and flowers. There are plenty of children that will climb the tree because it is fun and a ready-to-eat fruit snack. Hence, the aratilis is popular among Filipinos. It can be a delicious delicacy with its luscious sweet pulp and tiny seeds that you can consume with each bite. 

Murraya paniculata, commonly known as Orange Jessamine, is a flowering plant native to Southern & Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and New Caledonia. In the Philippines, it is often referred to as Kamuning. M. paniculata is an evergreen bushy shrub with a height of 2 to 10  m tall. Its leaves are 2 to 3 cm long, glossy, oval-shaped, dark green, odd-pinnate, with 3 to 7 leaflets. The leaflets have margins with wedge-shaped bases and pointed tips. M. paniculata produce clusters of white flowers, with citrus jasmine-like fragrance, and oval-shaped berries with dull, yellowish-gray or greenish, teardrop-shaped seeds. M. paniculata have antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, and antigiardial properties, and cytotoxicity activities. 

Nephrolepis exaltata, commonly known as Boston fern or Sword fern, is a non-flowering plant. The fern grows on average height of 4 feet long and width of 6 inches. It has slightly drooping feather-like fronds. Its fronds are pale to medium green in color, dagger shaped, and narrow oval that gradually become pointy at the tip. If grown in hanging baskets, the fronds tend to bend downwards like a curtain. The leaf stalk is reddish brown with hairlike scales. N. exaltata leaflets are asymmetrical and arranged alternatively. The size of its leaflets measure 3 to 8 cm long and 1.8 cm wide, and became smaller as they reached the tip of the frond. Each leaflet is shaped like an elongated triangle which is slightly serrated with wavy edges. N. exaltata is known for its air purifying properties. It filters the harmful toxins and improves humidity. 

Oxalis triangularis, also known as Purple False Shamrock, is one of the uncommon plants with nearly black foliage. In reality, its foliage is a very deep purple color. The leaves are triangular and typically grow in groups of three. At night (or on particularly cloudy days) they fold up almost like an umbrella, but they open again with the morning light. The plant bears tiny flowers that are a white to pale pink or lavender color. Purple shamrock is best planted in the spring and functions well as a houseplant. It has a moderate growth rate. Despite its beauty, every bit of the purple shamrock is hazardous to humans and other animals. 

Pachira aquatica is commonly known by a large number of common names including monguba, water chestnut, Guiana chestnut and Malabar chestnut. It is native to Central and South America, occurring from Southern Mexico to Bolivia and North Brazil. However it has been introduced in the USA, the Antilles, South Brazil, Asia, Africa, Australia, and other Pacific islands. Pachira aquatica can grow and be considered as an evergreen tree that is about twenty three (23) m in height, with spreading branches. The nutritional composition of the seeds contain a high content of protein and oil. P. aquatica has also a higher content of the essential amino acids in comparison to chicken eggs and human milk. 

Pandanus amaryllifolius, commonly known as pandan, is a herbaceous tropical plant that has upright bright green leaves that are long, slender, and spiky. It has two distinct forms - a small growth form that grows from sucker shoots with slender stems measuring 1-1.6 meters tall and 2-5 centimeters in diameter and a large growth form that produces an erect stem, 2-4.5 meters tall and 15 centimeters in diameter. Pandan leaves are frequently used as an insect repellant in Indonesia and Malaysia to keep pests like cockroaches and ants at bay. Pandan leaves are also employed in religious ceremonies in India since they are considered sacred to the gods Shiva and Ganesh. Recently, a research in Indonesia entitled Pandan leaves extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) as a food preservative concluded that in certain concentrations, pandan leaves extract were able to decrease total plate count and number of mold in traditional food. 

Peperomia pellucida, commonly known as Pansit-pansitan, is an annual vivacious plant that can grow up to 20 to 40 cm tall. The stems and leaves are green, shiny, fleshy and hairless. The leaves are broadly cordate at the base and accuminate at the top. The plant is a common wild herb located in tropical and sub-tropical areas and they are more likely to grow in roadsides and garden beds. P. pellucida contains medicinal properties which are anti-inflammatory, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorder. This plant also helps people to regulate their uric acid which prevents them from having gout. The P. pellucida is really a helpful plant for people due its medicinal properties and can be found everywhere. 

The Perilla frutescens is an annual edible plant in the Lamiaceae (mint) family native to the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. It has fragrant purple-red leaves that can resemble raw meat, hence the common name. The leaves are wrinkled, simple, toothed, ovate, and opposite up to 4 inches long. The genus, Perilla, comes from the Latin word pera, meaning bag, in reference to the shape of the fruiting calyx. While the specific epithet frutescens means shrubby or bushy. P. futescens' region of origin is the Himalayas to Southeast Asia. Perilla varieties are cultivated and consumed mainly in Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam. P. frutescens leaves, seeds and seed oil are used extensively in Korean cuisine. Scientific research also found medical benefits of P. frutescens, such as anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-microbial, anti-depressive, and anti-cough effects. 

Philodendron hederaceum is widely cultivated as a houseplant and has become popular around the world due to its attractive heart-shaped leaves and ease of care. Heartleaf Philodendron is native to the tropical regions of Central and South America. Heartleaf Philodendron leaves are approximately 10 to 20 cm long by 8 to 15 cm wide, with pointed tips. The leaf blades of juvenile plants are velvety and red on the underside. P. hederaceum heart-shaped leaves have contributed to its association with love and affection. The venation is typically described as pinnate, meaning the veins are arranged in a feather-like pattern along the leaf. In some cultures, it is regarded as a symbol of love and is frequently given as a token of heartfelt emotions on occasions such as Valentine's Day or anniversaries. The roots of various species of Philodendron are used as traditional medicine in the Amazon region of Brazil. P. hederaceum, like many other plants, contains compounds that may have medicinal properties. However, the plant has not been extensively studied or recognized for its medical benefits in clinical settings. 

This is a sample from the “Tree of Life,” or “Oriental Arbor-vitae” in Latin. The tree’s name derives from Platycadus, meaning “broad or flattened shoots,” and orientalis, referring to its native habitat, China. Oriental arborvitae is a densely branched evergreen conifer that grows to 30 ft (15.2 m) with a spread of 20 ft (6.1 m). Cultivated specimens are usually grown as more minor, bushier shrubs. The leaves are triangular scales with a blunt point arranged in decussate pairs. The leaves emit an odor when bruised. The ripe seeds, leaves, and twigs are used in Chinese medicine. The seeds, sweet to the taste, are used as a sedative to treat minor headaches, insomnia, palpitation and as a coagulant. The leaves are bitter-sweet and astringent, used to treat fever, bleeding of the nose, vomiting of blood, and blood in the urine. They are also used to increase the menstrual flow. 

Plectranthus amboinicus, commonly known as oregano in the Philippines, is a  perennial herb that can be naturally found in warm regions of Africa, Australia, and Asia including in the Philippines. They can grow over 1 meter in height. It is a fleshy, highly aromatic, succulent herb known for its distinct oregano-like flavor and odor when it is crushed, which is where it got its other name oregano. P. amboinicus leaves are undivided, ovoid in shape, and thick in form. Oregano has therapeutic and nutritional properties which are very valuable for the pharmaceutical industry. The plant is  used in folk medicine to cure colds, asthma, constipation, headache, cough, fever, and skin diseases. P. amboinicus is also found to be effective in treating respiratory, cardiovascular, oral, skin, digestive and urinary diseases. 

Portulaca grandiflora is a semi-succulent shrub with fleshy leaves and stems that hold water. The plant  is endemic to Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay's hot, drought-prone plains. However, it is grown anywhere in the world for its spectacular flowers, which bloom throughout the entire summer long with minimal care. The oblong to cylindrical leaves are brilliant green and have sharp points. They can reach an inch in length and are placed alternately or in tiny clusters along the reddish, multi-branched prostrate to gently rising stems.The stems can be brittle and easily snap (but broken pieces will root if the soil is hydrated enough). The saucer-shaped, rose-like blooms grow on the stem tips and are held facing up above the leaves, emerging from buds that look like small popcorn kernels. They are only open during the day and close at night and on days with cloudy skies, although most of the newer hybrids will be open all day. The P. grandiflora is utilized as an antioxidant in medicine.It has antimicrobial and anti-diabetic properties, used in sore throat relief, rash treatment, and detoxifier, a potent catalyst for biotransformation. P. grandiflora is an excellent bedding plant for hot, dry climates where other plants suffer. It can be used as a walkway edging plant, a mass annual groundcover, or interplanted in bulb beds to cover the ground once the bulb foliage dies out. 

Psidium guajava,  more commonly known as Guava or Bayabas, are trees native to the American Tropics. The species was introduced to the Philippines and to India via Spanish Colonial Ships. The P. guajava. leaves are 4-10 cm long and 2.5-6 cm wide. The leaves are dark-green in color, have a distinct obtuse-type apex, the shape varies from elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, and is broadly cuneate at its base. The arrangement of the leaves is opposite, and has short petioles. The fruits and leaves of the Guava Tree have great economic importance in many different countries due to its high production, and the diversity of products that are derived from the fruit itself. They are used in different medical treatments such as in respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, and are used to aid in increasing platelets in patients that are suffering from Dengue fever. The leaves are considered to be a nutraceutical due to the different compounds with beneficial properties on health and disease prevention. In the Philippines, Guava leaves are used in circumcision amongst adolescents as a way to prevent an infection, while facilitating the healing of the wound. 

Pterocarpus indicus or commonly known as Narra, is the national tree of the Philippines. It  plays a vital role in preserving biodiversity, generating income for our country, and improving quality of life by having several medicinal importance. P. indicus preserves biodiversity by providing shelter for those tree-dwelling organisms, and as well as attracting pollinators for plant reproduction. It also generates income as its wood is pretty much resilient and great for handcrafting items such as furniture. P. indicus provides treatment for varieties of illnesses such as gastrointestinal disorders and skin infections. Overall, the narra tree symbolizes the qualities our country has–being strong and resilient. 

Pyrrosia eleagnifolia is a species of fern belonging to the family Polypodiaceae, commonly known as Leather-leaf fern and endemic to New Zealand. It is an epiphytic, creeping, and climbing fern that typically grows on the trunks and branches of trees or rocks in shaded and humid environments. The fronds of P. eleagnifolia are thick and leathery and can be rounded or elongated, and their size can vary. They can reach lengths of up to 20 cm (8 inches) and are typically 2 cm (0.8 inches) wide, but sometimes can be as wide as 3 cm (1.2 inches). P. eleagnifolia is appreciated for its ornamental value and is often cultivated as a houseplant or in shaded gardens. Itst attractive foliage and ability to tolerate low light conditions make it a popular choice for indoor cultivation. 

Rivina humilis, commonly known as Bloodberry plant, is a perennial herb that can grow up to 1 meter high with a woody stem that is divided into two branches. The leaves are oval in shape, while its flower is small and can be green, white or pink in color. The distinct part of this plant is its berries that are circular shaped and have a color of bloody red. Humilis in Latin is known as “low” because it can only grow short. This plant is widely distributed in tropical America and invasive in the Pacific region. Bloodberry plant is considered as invasive due to its fast growing, shade tolerant, and a threat for natural vegetation. Bloodberry is poisonous, each part has a range of toxicity, in the area of leaves and roots are the most fatal part of the plant. Despite being toxic, the fruit which are the berries, when extracted has a potential to have natural antioxidant and anticancer drug source.

Sanchezia speciosa or gold vein plant is a perennial shrub that can grow up to 3 m tall. It has smooth bright green leaves and purple stems. It is reported to be invasive in the Cook Islands, Hawaii, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Reunion. This plant is native to Ecuador and Colombia and grows best in moist and humid environment (humidity about 60%), such as wet forests, along streams and riverbanks, and in forest edges and disturbed secondary forests at lower elevations. It cannot tolerate very low temperatures. Gold vein plant was introduced to Asian countries like India, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Leaves are simple, opposite, blade oblong to elliptic, 10-40 cm long, green or with yellow veins. Researches suggests that Sanchezia speciosa have several medicinal uses such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. 

Spathiphyllum wallisii also known as peace lily, a popular houseplant believed to attract good luck. The plant is distinguished by its glossy leaves and white blossoms that resemble a cobra's hood. This herbaceous, perennial plant is simple to cultivate both inside and outdoors. The lance-shaped dark green glossy leaves droop and develop to be about 6 inches long.  Bracts are the flower petals. The blossom can grow to reach more than six inches in diameter. 

The Talipariti tiliaceum is a typical plant of tropical climates found in the regions of mangroves in significant quantities in Bangladesh as well as subtropical America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and throughout the Pacific islands (Rosa et al., 2006). The plant was used as traditional medicine by people for the treatment of fever, coughs and dry throat, ear infections, chest congestion, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid (Shaikh et al., 2009; Ramproshad et al., 2012). The slimy sap of the bark, branches, and flower buds was used as a mild laxative or as a lubricant in childbirth or labor pains and rubbed on the stomach (Melecchi et al., 2006; Petard, 1986). Before children had teeth, the mothers chewed the buds and gave the chewed material to the children to swallow. The flowers were used to treat bronchitis due to their emollient properties (Konczak et al., 1995). The flowers are still used in head garlands (Hargreaves et al., 1970). An aqueous extract of wood and fresh flowers is a registered treatment for skin diseases. The young leaves are edible and eaten by the Polynesians as the various parts of the plant have historically been used for pain, inflammation, and neuronal diseases. A phytochemical group test was performed to identify the type of chemical constituents present in the leaf and bark ethanolic extracts, and their effect was analyzed for cytotoxic, antibacterial, analgesic, and neuropharmacological activities. 

Cacao Tree (Theobroma cacao L.) also known as cocoa, is a tropical evergreen tree native to the tropical regions of South and Central America. The cacao tree has a dense, spreading canopy and can reach a height of about 15 to 25 feet (4.5 to 7.5 meters). It has a straight trunk and large, glossy, oblong leaves. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers that grow directly on the trunk or branches, and these flowers develop into large, colorful fruits known as cacao pods. Cacao trees are primarily cultivated for their seeds, which are used to produce cocoa beans. These beans are the key ingredient in chocolate and various cocoa products. 

Cacao was such a significant part of Mesoamerica culture that the people incorporated cacao into their creation mythologies, medicine, commerce, and social customs. Hence their scientific name that means “food of the gods.”  Cacao is well known for its high antioxidant and flavonoid content than most foods. Cacao can protect nerves from injury and inflammation, protect the skin from oxidative damage from UV radiation in topical preparations, and have beneficial effects on satiety, cognitive function, and mood. 

Tradescantia zebrina, a creeping herbaceous perennial plant, is commonly known as Spiderwort or Inchplant. It was introduced to the Philippines for ornamental purposes; native in Mexico and Central America. It was formerly known as Zebrina pendula,  and it is distinguished by a pair of silvery green leaves flushed with purple on the upper surface and purple underneath.  Inchplants grow up to 15-22cm tall and easily grown in moist soils with sun or partial shade.  Its stems are ascending and rooting at nodes. 

Tridax procumbens, commonly known as Coat Buttons, is a perennial herb that grows its stems in the ground that can extend from 8 to 30 inches long. The arrangement of the leaves are opposite, pinnate, and have an oblong shape. It grows flowers that have white petals and a yellow disk with a long stalk that only blooms in spring. Coat buttons have fruit with dark brown to black in color with a head of pappus bristles. Coat Buttons is native to Mexico and South America but have become an invasive problem throughout the world. This herb is well adapted in many environment especially, soil with sands. It can easily propagate through wind that is why it is considered a federal noxious weed. It invades roadsides, crops, and waste land. Despite being invasive, Coat Buttons show many medical significance such as a drink to treat bronchial catarrh, diarrhea, dysentery, and liver diseases. A research study resulted in antioxidant and antibacterial activities. It was also suggested that Coat buttons can be utilized as a healthy source to develop beverages and food to treat antihyperuricemic, oxidative stress, and infection from bacteria. 

Vitex negundo or also known as Lagundi in the Philippines is an aromatic plant that commonly grows in grassland, thickets and mixed open forest in its native habitat. It can be also referred to as Five Leafed Chaste Tree or Chastetree and is native to tropical east and south Africa and Asia, including the Philippines. Vitex negundo prefers moist, fertile, well drained soils. These deciduous shrub or small, multi-trunked tree can grow to 10 to 15 feet tall. Its bark is red or brown and the leaves are mid green. The leaves are opposite, and digitately palmately compound with 3-5 leaflets. Its leaflets are lanceolate with serrate margins, up to 6 to 13 cm long and 2 to 5 cm broad; narrowly oblong or elliptic to lanceolate; base acute, acuminate. The stem and branches are obtusely quadrangular. The bioactive compounds extracted from the leaves, roots, and seeds of Vitex negundo exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial. However, Lagundi is popular in the Philippines for its medicinal use for cough. According to Alegado-Bagaoisan, et al (2020), Lagundi treatment provides a bronchodilating effect and reduces the frequency and duration of coughing in pediatric patients with acute cough of mild to moderate severity, with no significant side effects. There are several medicine brands for anti-cough developed made from Lagundi, such as Plemex, RiteMed, Astrol, and Lagundex. For traditional remedy for cough, Lagundi leaves are stewed and the water is orally taken. In the Philippines, fresh leaves are traditionally used as a remedy for dry coughs. The leaves boiled by water is orally taken by the patient. 

Grapes were introduced in the Philippines hundreds of years ago either by the barter system (Pre Hispanic era) or the first colonizers (Spanish colonization). They are best cultivated in warm and dry areas with sufficient irrigation, mostly in Western Philippines where typhoons are not as frequent as the East region of the country. Vitis vinifera belongs to the family of vitaceae and most varieties do not need pollination to yield fruits. This woody perennial vine has 3-5 lobes of leaves; its vine grows up to 50 feet in height and bears fruit in clusters containing 15-200 grape berries. Grape is classified as a simple fruit containing two cavities (locules) which are enclosed in an ovary wall (pericarp). Its fruit comes in a variety of colors such as green, red, black, and pink aside from the usual purple color we know. 

Grapes have been widely present since the beginning of writing history; it holds records in religion, civilization, politics, and social structure. Vitis vinifera are used to make wine that is drunk in gatherings. Of the most known gatherings  is the Last supper, and in other countries the art of making wine is well established, oenology. Grapes are generally helpful in supporting a healthy heart, everything from a grapevine can be used not only its fruit but also its vine for making wreaths or baskets, seeds for oil, and leaves for food consumption.