FLOWER COLLECTIONS

FOURTO GALERA/PRINCESA

Helianthus annuus, commonly known as sunflowers, are typically tall annual or perennial plants that may reach 300 cm (120 in) or more in certain species. They have one or more terminal capitula (flower heads) with bright yellow ray florets on the exterior and yellow or maroon (sometimes known as brown/red) disc florets on the inside (Atamian, Creux, Brown, Garner, & Blackman, 2016). Roadsides, disturbed areas, wastelands, urban open spaces, fallow land, and croplands. Establishes readily in disturbed areas, displacing plants of other species (Wiit, 2017). The study evaluated the antibacterial activity of H. annuus leaves on some bacterial pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and S. aureus). While all test organisms were susceptible to the extract, S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility and Shigella spp. showed the least susceptibility. On DPPH assay, the extract showed concentration-dependent increase in antioxidant activity, with the chloroform extract showing greater antioxidant activity (Ramirez, 2001).  

Purslane is native to southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina, and it is planted as a garden annually worldwide. It has escaped cultivation in a few places in North America, notably New England. There are several cultivars and natural plants with double corollas (Florabeilles, 2019). It is an annual or short-lived perennial herbs, about 5-30 cm long, stem decumbent or prostrate, usually woody at the base, branched, the main root tuberous, fibrous, fleshy, rooting at nodes, trichomes present on nodes and inflorescence (Encyclopedia of Life, 2014). Numerous cultivars have been selected for double flowers with additional petals and variation in flower color, plain or variegated. It is widely grown in temperate climates as an ornamental plant for annual bedding or as a container plant. It requires ample sunlight and well-drained soils. It requires almost no attention and spreads itself very easily (Huxley, 1992). P. grandiflora is used to treat hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver with ascites, swelling and pain in the pharynx. The fresh juice of the leaves and stems is applied externally as a lotion to snake and insect bites, burns, scalds and eczema (Yeung. 1985).

Description:

The water hyacinth is a free floating perennial herb of fresh water ecosystems. It is found at the surface of rivers, lakes, canals and ponds. Each flower has a perianth tube 1.5 cm long, expanding into six mauve or purple lobes up to 4 cm long. The main lobe has a bright-yellow, diamond-shaped patch surrounded by deeper purple. Water Hyacinth is native to Brazil. Historical accounts say that the water hyacinth arrived in the Philippines in 1912. In Kedah (Malaysia), the flowers are used for medicating the skin of horses (Duke, 1983).

Description:

Santan is an erect and smooth ornamental shrub, growing to a height of 2 to 3 meters. Leaves are stalkless or on very short stalks, oblong, 5 to 9 centimeters long, heart-shaped or rounded at the base and blunt-tipped. Cultivated for ornamental purposes. Nowhere established in the Philippines, native of India and now pantropic. Flowers contain cyanidin and flavonoids, and a coloring material related to quercitin. Flowers considered cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial. Studies have showed hepatoprotective, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, anti-mutagenic, antitumor activities.

Description:

Rosa chinensis  a shrub that reaches 1–2 m and grows in hedges or forms thickets. The leaves are pinnate, have 3–5 leaflets, each leaflet 2.5–6 cm long and 1–3 cm broad. In the wild species, the flowers have five pink to red petals (Cuizhi & Robertson, 2003). Rosa chinensis, known commonly as the China rose or Chinese rose, alternatively known as Bengal rose or Bengal Crimson or Bengal Beauty is a member of the genus Rosa native to Southwest China in Guizhou, Hubei, and Sichuan Provinces (Pearson, 2017).Rosa chinensis is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Roots and fruits are used for treating arthritis, boils, cough, haemuturia and rheumatoid joint pains. The fruit is applied to sprains, ulcers and wounds (Bauer, 2004)

Description:

The Chrysantenum moriforum is 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) high and wide, which grows as a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant on the ground. The stems stand upright. The leaves are broad ovate in outline and wedge-shaped in the petiole, the length of the leaves is more than 6 inches. The lower leaves are plumed, further up the stems they are increasingly entire. Deciduous leaves appear in the spring. They are alternate, lobed pinnatifid and toothed. They are up to 12 cm long, fleshy and covered with gray hairs. They exhale a strong smell when they are wrinkled (Needham, 1986). They have been around since 500 BC. In 1630, more than 500 varieties were already mentioned there. In Europe, especially in Holland, they have been known since the mid-17th century, but their general dissemination took place only in the 19th century. Chrysanthemum was first appreciated in China as a medicinal plant (Jinsheng, Kirk & Buell, 2018). This plant can be noted for its popularity as an indoor houseplant in part because of its air cleaning qualities as per a study done by NASA, removing trichloroethylene, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, and other chemicals from the air. In general, the plant is best fertilized once a month and watered two to three times a week depending on climate. In natural medicine the "flower" is used against eye inflammation and impure skin. It also applies as an air purifier. Contact with parts of plants may in some cases cause skin irritation and allergies (Schneebeli-Count,1995).

Description:

Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, including remote islands such as the Faroe Islands but has become widely naturalised in most temperate regions, including the Americas and Australasia. Bellis perennis generally blooms from early to midsummer, although when grown under ideal conditions, it has a very long flowering season and will even produce a few flowers in the middle of mild winters (USDA Zones, 2012). Rarely more than 10cm tall, this grassland perennial has a basal rosette of spoon-shaped leaves and leafless stalks each topped by one individual (but composite) 'flower' comprising a central group of yellow disc florets surrounded by white ray florets (Parnell & Curtis, 2012) . It is may be used as a potherb. Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads or cooked, noting that the leaves become increasingly astringent with age. Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches, soups and salads. It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement (Butwig, 1956) .

Description:

Gomphrena globosa, commonly known as globe amaranth, makhmali, and vadamalli, is an edible plant from the family Amaranthaceae. The round-shaped flower inflorescences are a visually dominant feature and cultivars have been propagated to exhibit shades of magenta, purple, red, orange, white, pink, and lilac. Within the flowerheads, the true flowers are small and inconspicuous (Jiang, Wang &Chen, 2011). Gomphrena globosa is native to Central America including regions Panama, and Guatemala, but is now grown globally. As a tropical annual plant, G. globosa blooms continuously throughout summer and early fall. It is very heat tolerant and fairly drought resistant, but grows best in full sun and regular moisture. The plant fixes carbon through the C4 pathway. At maturity, the flowerheads are approximately 4 cm long and the plant grows up to 24 inches in height(Herold, Lewis and Walker, 1976).This plant is popular in landscape design and cutting gardens for its vivid colors and color retention. The edible plant G. globosa has been used in herbal medicine (Mendes, 1986). In Trinidad, the flowers are boiled to make a tea which is used for baby gripe, oliguria, cough and diabetes (Bajaj, 1994)). Caribbean folk medicine historically used globe amaranth to relieve prostate and reproductive problems. The purple inflorescences have been used as a remedy for several respiratory inflammation conditions including bronchial asthma, acute and chronic bronchitis, and whooping cough. Recommended uses in traditional medicine range from the treatment of respiratory diseases, jaundice, urinary system conditions, and kidney problems (Silva, 2012)

Description:

Limonium perezii is a tough perennial herb growing from a woody rhizome. The thick leaves are oval to round in shape and up to about 30 centimeters (12 in) long including the petioles, located in a basal rosette about the stem. The inflorescence is a stiff, branching panicle 15 to 45 centimeters (5.9 to 17.7 in) tall, topped with bushy clusters of flowers. The small flower has lavender sepals and white petals (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2013). Limonium perezii is native to the Canary Islands, but widely cultivated as a garden plant (Gardening in South Africa, 2019).It is also used in rock gardens, containers and small planter spaces. When grown in the Inland Empire it does best with moderate amounts of supplemental water, protection from extreme sun exposure and protection from winter frost conditions (O’Brien, Betsy and Mackey, 2006). 

Description:

Jatropha integerrima is a shrub to small tree native to Cuba. It is also listed as native to the Hispaniola by USDA-ARS (2020). It is used throughout its range as an ornamental, and can be found in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania. Some of the common names listed for the species suggest that it is used as an ornamental in countries where its occurrence has not been documented (Dehgan, 2012). Peregrina is an evergreen shrub or small tree, with glossy leaves and clusters of star shaped red, pink or vermilion flowers. The plant has a rounded or narrow domed form and grows up to 15 ft tall with a spread of about 10 ft. In cultivation, however. it is usually smaller (Velez, 2020). Jatropha integerrima is widely grown as an ornamental, even in its native country (Fuentes Fiallo et al., 2001 ). It is available for purchase in nurseries and online. 

Description: 

       Ixora coccinea is native to the Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka (USDA-ARS, 2017) and tropical Southeast Asia (Floridata, 2017). This species has been introduced and cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World; it is widely cultivated in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand (Ysrael and Van Valkenburg, 1999);  that is well watered yet has good drainage. I. coccinea is widely used in Ayurveda (traditional medicine) and traditional medicinal practices in Asia. Research has shown that both aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of I. coccinea exhibit potent anti-neutrophil activity(Wickramasinghe et al., 2014). In the Philippines, the flowers are used in the treatment of dysentery, leucorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea, haemoptysis and catarrhal bronchitis while part of the roots is used as a sedative in the treatment of nausea, hiccups and appetite loss (Ysrael and Van Valkenburg, 1999). In Thailand, the roots or flowers are used as anti-inflammatory and antidiarrhoeal drugs, as astringents, tranquilizers and appetite stimulants. The flowers are also used as a cholagogue and stimulant of digestive enzyme secretion. In India the roots are reported to possess sedative properties and are used against hiccups, fever, gonorrhoea, loss of appetite, diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction of the flowers or the bark is employed as a lotion against eye troubles, sores and ulcers while the leaves are used to treat diarrhoea (Ysrael and Van Valkenburg, 1999).

Description: 

         Anthurium is an evergreen perennial plant that can grown to a meter in height. Leaves are large, dark, glossy, oblong or heart-shaped, up to 30 centimeters in length. Each leaf is held on a 30 to 60 centimeter petiole. Flowers are slender, finger-like or tail like spadix above a shiny, waxy, crinkled, heart-shaped spathe, red to bright orange.  Introduced in Ornamental cultivation, Grows well in the Baguio area and Popular pot or cut flower because of its longevity. Leaves and Roots: Study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of flowers, leaf, stem, and roots of A. andraeanum. The extracts sowed inhibitory activity against tested pathogens, with significant inhibition of gram negative bacterial strains of E. coli and K. pneumonia and fungal pathogen A. fumigatus. Flower extract showed superior zone of inhibition against A. fumigatus and E. coli. 

Description: 

     Z. elegans is the most widely cultivated zinnia species and most important in terms of economic value. It is an herbaceous annual that is grown for its large, showy capitula and diversity of ray petal (ligule) colors and shapes (Beeks, 1954). Annual. Easily grown in humusy, evenly moist, well-drained soils in full sun. Sow seed directly in the ground after last frost date and, if desired, at 2-3 week intervals thereafter until the end of June to insure a good season-long bloom. Study evaluated the ability of two ornamental plants (marigold and zinnia) to uptake lead from contaminated soil. Zinnia elegans showed the greater potential for lead accumulation than marigold. Results suggest an environmentally friendly and cost effective alternative for protecting the contaminated soil from leaching lead. 

Description: 

     Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2.5–5 m (8–16 ft) tall and 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) wide, with glossy leaves and solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer and autumn. The 5- petaled flowers are 10 cm (4 in) in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red anthers. The root is a branched tap root. The stem is erect, green, cylindrical and branched. The leaf is simple, with alternate phyllotaxy and is petiolate. The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is acute and margin is serrated. Venation is unicostate reticulate. (Venation is branched or divergent.) Free lateral stipules are present. The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis can be found anywhere! It grows on its own in sub-tropic and tropic regions of the world, ranging from 30 degrees north latitude to 30 degrees south latitude. The Hibiscus rosa- sinensis is a common house plant in places such as Europe and the United States of America. The Hibiscus rosa- sinensis cannot live in regions that reach temperatures lower than 12 degrees Celsius or approximately 56 degrees Farhenheit. The Hibiscus rosa- sinensis grows in regions in the United States that are in the growing zones 9 through 11, which includes the regions of southern Texas, Florida, Hawaii, and southern California. Even though the plants will succeed in these regions, the plants may still be needed to be brought in as house plants or covered up for winter if there is a potential frost. This plant has various important medicinal uses for treating wounds, inflamation, fever and coughs, diabetes, infections caused by bacteria and fungi, hair loss, and gastric ulcers in several tropical countries.

1. Atamian, Hagop S.; Creux, Nicky M.; Brown, Evan A.; Garner, Austin G.; Blackman, Benjamin K.; Harmer, Stacey L. (2016-08-04). "Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits". Science. 353 (6299): 587–590. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..587A. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9793. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27493185
2. Anthurium, Anthurium andraeanum, FLAMINGO LILY: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Alternative Medicine. (n.d.). Philippine Medicinal Plants. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from http://www.stuartxchange.org/Anthurium
3. Bart O’Brien, Betsy Landis, and Ellen Mackey, Care and Maintenance of Southern California Native Plant Gardens, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 2006 (Book, out of print)
4. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2. http://www.self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Dianthus_barbatus?View=embedded
5. Chohan, T. A., Sarfraz, M., Rehman, K., Muhammad, T., Ghori, M. U., Khan, K. M., Afzal, I., Akash, M. S. H., Alamgeer, Malik, A., & Chohan, T. A. (2020). Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antiproliferation potential of Euphorbia milii var.: Experimental analysis and in-silico validation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(11), 3025–3034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.
6. Dehgan B, 2012. Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae). Flora Neotropica, 110, 1-274.
7. Duke, J. A. (1983, January 1). Eichornia crassipes. Purdue.Edu. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Eichornia_crassipes.html
8. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 April 2016.
9. Floridata, 2017. Floridata. In: Floridata Tallahassee, Florida, USA: Floridata.http://www.floridata.com/
10. Fuentes Fiallo, V. R., Shagarodsky Scull, T., Sánchez Pérez, P., Castiñeiras Alfonso, L., Fundora Mayor, Z., Barrios Govín, O., Moreno Formental, V., González Areu, V., Martínez Fuentes, A., García García, M., Martínez Ramos, A., 2001. Ornamental plants of the home gardens of central and western Cuba. (Plantas ornamentales en conucos de Cuba central y occidental). Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 22(1), 119-131.
11. Gilman, E., & Meerow, A. (1999). Heliconia rostrata. University of Florida- Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/shrub_fact_sheets/helrosa.pdf
12. Gu Cuizhi & Kenneth R. Robertson: Rosa : Rosa chinensis, p 368 - Registered text as printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 9 - Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-14-8
13. Herold, A.; Lewis, D. H.; Walker, D. A. (1976-05-01). "Sequestration of Cytoplasmic Orthophosphate by Mannose and Its Differential Effect on Photosynthetic Starch Synthesis in C3 and C4 Species". New Phytologist. 76 (3): 397–407. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb01475.x. ISSN 1469-8137
14. Hossain, M. A., Sohail Akhtar, M., Said, S., & Al-Abri, T. H. A. (2017). Two new flavonoids from Adenium obesum grown in Oman. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 29(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2016.04.004
15. Hossain, M. A. (2018). A review on Adenium obesum: A potential endemic medicinal plant in Oman. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.06.008
16. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5. 
17. Ixora coccinea - Plant Finder. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286675
18. "Jatropha integerrima". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2010-08-09.
19. Johanna Budwig, Krebs – ein Fettproblem, richtige Wahl und Verwendung der Fette. Hyperion-Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1956, p. 44: recipe for cancer patients.
20. Joseph Needham , Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany , Cambridge University Press,February 6, 1986 ( ISBN 0521087317 ).
21. Jiang, Yifan; Zhao, Nan; Wang, Fei; Chen, Feng (2011-01-01). "Emission and Regulation of Volatile Chemicals from Globe Amaranth Flowers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 136 (1): 16–22. doi:10.21273/JASHS.136.1.16. ISSN 0003-1062
22. Keener, B. R., A.R. Diamond, L. J. Davenport, P. G. Davison, S. L. Ginzbarg, C. J. Hansen, C. S. Major, D. D. Spaulding, J. K. Triplett, and M. Woods. 2021. Alabama Plant Atlas. [S.M. Landry and K.N. Campbell (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research. University of South Florida]. University of West Alabama, Livingston, Alabama.
23. "Limonium perezii". Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved June 13, 2013
24. Mármol, I., Sánchez-de-Diego, C., Jiménez-Moreno, N., Ancín-Azpilicueta, C., & Rodríguez-Yoldi, M. (2017). Therapeutic Applications of Rose Hips from Different Rosa Species. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(6), 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061137
25. Mendes, John (1986). Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. Arima, Trinidad. p. 7.
26. Missoum A. An update review on Hibiscus rosa sinensis phytochemistry and medicinal uses. J Ayu Herb Med 2018;4(3):135-146.
27. Moonmun, D. (2017). Quantitative Phytochemical Estimation and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol and Ethanol Extracts of Heliconia rostrata. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000204
28. Parnell, J. and Curtis. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press ISBN 978-1-85918-478-3
29. Pearson, Dan (2 May 2017). Natural Selection: A year in the garden. ISBN 9781783351190.
30. Philomina N.S., Pradeep Kumar S. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity of Ixora coccinea Flower. Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. Vol. 13, No. (4): 2011: 605-608
31. Portulaca grandiflora & Apis mellifera. Florabeilles (in French). 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
32. Profile of Sensitization to Sunflower Seedin a Large Population Highly Exposed / Maria Luisa Macias Ramirez et al / J Allergy Clin Immunol, 131(2) / Abs 315 2001.
33. Rachitha Wickramasinghe, Kumara, R. R., Silva, E. D. de, Ratnasooriya, W. D., Handunnetti, S., 2014. Inhibition of phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of human neutrophils by aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Ixora coccinea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(3), 900-907. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.064
34. Rauf A, Khan A, Uddin N, Akram M, Arfan M, Uddin G, Qaisar M. (2014). Preliminary phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Euphorbia milli. Pak J Pharm Sci. 27(4):947-51. 
35. Ruth Schneebeli-Count: Flower Country China Volume 1 , Birkhäuser, 1995, ISBN 9783764351823 , p. 80 f.
36. "Sea Lavender, Perez's Sea Lavender, Papierblom - Limonium perezii". Gardening in South Africa. Retrieved 20 October 2019..
37. Silva, Luís R.; Valentão, Patrícia; Faria, Joana; Ferreres, Federico; Sousa, Carla; Gil-Izquierdo, Angel; Pinho, Brígida R.; Andrade, Paula B. (2012). "Phytochemical investigations and biological potential screening with cellular and non-cellular models of globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosaL.) inflorescences". Food Chemistry. 135 (2): 756–763. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.015. PMID 22868155.
38. S., Bajaj, Y. P. (1994). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VI. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783662303719. OCLC 840292441
39. Ute Bauer: Old Roses: History, Use, Design, Nursing Practice , p. 14, BLV: Munich 2004, ISBN 3-405-16713-2
40. "USDA Zones". USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
41. USDA-ARS, 2017. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
42. Vélez-Gavilán J, 2020. Jatropha integerrima (peregrina). Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CABI. DOI:10.1079/ISC.28395.20203483348
43. 
    
44. Witt, A., Luke, Q., 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa, [ed. by Witt, A., Luke, Q.]. Wallingford, UK: CABI.vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 doi:10.1079/9781786392145.0000
45. Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles (1985-00-00)
46. Zheng Jinsheng, Nalini Kirk and Paul D. Buell. Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 3: Persons and Literary Sources. University of California Press, 2018. ISBN 9780520965560